Research Article
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Year 2023, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 1 - 14, 30.06.2023

Abstract

References

  • [1] Ghasempour F, Sekertekin A, Kutoglu S H "Google Earth Engine based spatio-temporal analysis of air pollutants before and during the first wave COVID-19 outbreak over Turkey via remote sensing". Journal of Cleaner Production, 319, 128599, 2021.
  • [2] Chen Y, Qin R, Zhang G, Albanwan H "Spatial temporal analysis of traffic patterns during the COVID-19 epidemic by vehicle detection using planet remote-sensing satellite images". Remote Sensing, 13(2), 208, 2021.
  • [3] Singh M, Singh BB, Singh R, Upendra B, Kaur R, Gill SS, Biswas MS "Quantifying COVID-19 enforced global changes in atmospheric pollutants using cloud computing based remote sensing". Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment, 22, 100489, 2021.
  • [4] Elshorbany YF, Kapper HC, Ziemke JR, Parr SA "The status of air quality in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic: A remote sensing perspective". Remote Sensing, 13(3), 369, 2021.
  • [5] Bustamante-Calabria M, Sánchez de Miguel A, Martín-Ruiz S, Ortiz JL, Vílchez JM, Pelegrina A, Gaston KJ "Effects of the COVID-19 lockdown on urban light emissions: ground and satellite comparison". Remote Sensing, 13(2), 258, 2021.
  • [6] Venter ZS, Aunan K, Chowdhury S, Lelieveld J "COVID-19 lockdowns cause global air pollution declines". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(32), 18984-18990, 2020.
  • [7] Shen L, Zhao T, Wang H, Liu J, Bai Y, Kong S, Shu Z "Importance of meteorology in air pollution events during the city lockdown for COVID-19 in Hubei Province, Central China". Science of the Total Environment, 754, 142227, 2021.
  • [8] Faisal M, Adi Prakoso K, Sanjaya H, Rohmaneo Darminto M "Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Air Pollutants Changes During The COVID-19 Using Sentinel-5P in Google Earth Engine (Case Study: Java Island)". 2021 IEEE Asia-Pacific Conference on Geoscience, Electronics and Remote Sensing Technology (AGERS), pp. 102-108, 2021.
  • [9] Iqbal M, Prabaswara IW, Nurlita VA, Hizbaron DR "Spatiotemporal analysis using Google Earth Engine: an evaluation of Covid-19 emergency response mobility policies in Java Island, Indonesia". In Seventh Geoinformation Science Symposium 2021 (Vol. 12082, pp. 382-390). SPIE, 2021.
  • [10] Huang Y, Zhou JL, Yu Y, Mok WC, Lee CF, Yam YS "Uncertainty in the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on air quality in Hong Kong, China". Atmosphere, 11(9), 914, 2020.
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  • [13] Annual TomTom Traffic Index: the World at the Pace of the Pandemic, https://www.tomtom.com/press-room/general/147356/annual-tomtom-traffic-index-the-world-at-the-pace-of-the-pandemic/, Last accessed: April 4, 2022.
  • [14] https://havakalitesi.ibb.gov.tr/, Last accessed: April 5, 2022.
  • [15] https://data.ibb.gov.tr/en/dataset?q=traffic+index, Last accessed: April 5, 2022.
  • [16] https://turcovid19.com/acikveri/, Last accessed: April 5, 2022.
  • [17] https://www.google.com/covid19/mobility/, Last accessed: April 5, 2022.
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  • [19] https://www.bsg.ox.ac.uk/research/research-projects/covid-19-government-response-tracker, Last accessed: 11.04.2022.
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  • [22] https://sentinels.copernicus.eu/documents/247904/1848259/Sentinel-5P_Data_Access_and_Products, Last accessed: April 6, 2022.
  • [23] https://developers.google.com/earth-engine/datasets/catalog/COPERNICUS_S5P_NRTI_L3_NO2?hl=en, Last accessed: April 5, 2022.
  • [24] https://developers.google.com/earth-engine/datasets/catalog/COPERNICUS_S5P_NRTI_L3_CO?hl=en, Last accessed: April 5, 2022.
  • [25] https://developers.google.com/earth-engine/datasets/catalog/COPERNICUS_S5P_NRTI_L3_SO2?hl=en, Last accessed: April 5, 2022.
  • [26] https://github.com/cavdarkizi/Spatial-Temporary-Analysis-of-Istanbul-Air-Pollution-During-the-Pandemic-, Last accessed: April 6, 2022.
  • [27] https://www.duvarenglish.com/istanbul-experiences-traffic-jam-on-the-first-day-of-covid-19-full-lockdown-gallery-57303, Last accessed: 13.04.2022.
  • [28] Copernicus Sentinel-5P (processed by ESA), 2021, TROPOMI Level 2 Nitrogen Dioxide total column products. Version 02. European Space Agency. https://doi.org/10.5270/S5P-9bnp8q8, Last accessed: 14.04.2022.

Spatial-Temporary Analysis of Istanbul Air Pollution During the Pandemic using Google Earth Engine and Google Community Mobility Reports

Year 2023, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 1 - 14, 30.06.2023

Abstract

The Covid-19 pandemic has brought drastic changes to people's daily life and environmental characteristics. To control the pandemic, all governments have implemented particular policies for their countries and imposed restrictions that affect people's daily life. The traffic index has decreased in many countries and cities depending on the restrictions. Therefore, restrictions in many countries and cities have positively impacted air quality. However, the opposite has also been observed in metropolitan cities. In this study, the change in the air quality of Istanbul, which is accepted as Turkey's largest metropolitan city, has been examined. First, the spatio-temporal distribution of air pollutants (NO2, CO, and SO2) has been analyzed using Sentinel-5P NRTI satellite images. Then six independent variable groups (traffic index of Istanbul, daily deaths in Istanbul, Google community mobility reports of Istanbul, fuel prices, stringency index of Turkey, two logical attributes regarding the Covid-19 restrictions and in-class education) were collected and combined to analyze the correlations between these variable groups and air pollutant concentrations. According to the spatial distribution graphs, there is a tendency to decrease NO2, CO, and SO2 pollutant concentrations in Istanbul when the restrictions are applied in Turkey. There was no significant relationship between the decrease in community mobility in Istanbul and pollutant concentrations, although an increase in air quality has been observed in many cities due to the restrictions of the Covid-19 pandemic.

References

  • [1] Ghasempour F, Sekertekin A, Kutoglu S H "Google Earth Engine based spatio-temporal analysis of air pollutants before and during the first wave COVID-19 outbreak over Turkey via remote sensing". Journal of Cleaner Production, 319, 128599, 2021.
  • [2] Chen Y, Qin R, Zhang G, Albanwan H "Spatial temporal analysis of traffic patterns during the COVID-19 epidemic by vehicle detection using planet remote-sensing satellite images". Remote Sensing, 13(2), 208, 2021.
  • [3] Singh M, Singh BB, Singh R, Upendra B, Kaur R, Gill SS, Biswas MS "Quantifying COVID-19 enforced global changes in atmospheric pollutants using cloud computing based remote sensing". Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment, 22, 100489, 2021.
  • [4] Elshorbany YF, Kapper HC, Ziemke JR, Parr SA "The status of air quality in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic: A remote sensing perspective". Remote Sensing, 13(3), 369, 2021.
  • [5] Bustamante-Calabria M, Sánchez de Miguel A, Martín-Ruiz S, Ortiz JL, Vílchez JM, Pelegrina A, Gaston KJ "Effects of the COVID-19 lockdown on urban light emissions: ground and satellite comparison". Remote Sensing, 13(2), 258, 2021.
  • [6] Venter ZS, Aunan K, Chowdhury S, Lelieveld J "COVID-19 lockdowns cause global air pollution declines". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(32), 18984-18990, 2020.
  • [7] Shen L, Zhao T, Wang H, Liu J, Bai Y, Kong S, Shu Z "Importance of meteorology in air pollution events during the city lockdown for COVID-19 in Hubei Province, Central China". Science of the Total Environment, 754, 142227, 2021.
  • [8] Faisal M, Adi Prakoso K, Sanjaya H, Rohmaneo Darminto M "Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Air Pollutants Changes During The COVID-19 Using Sentinel-5P in Google Earth Engine (Case Study: Java Island)". 2021 IEEE Asia-Pacific Conference on Geoscience, Electronics and Remote Sensing Technology (AGERS), pp. 102-108, 2021.
  • [9] Iqbal M, Prabaswara IW, Nurlita VA, Hizbaron DR "Spatiotemporal analysis using Google Earth Engine: an evaluation of Covid-19 emergency response mobility policies in Java Island, Indonesia". In Seventh Geoinformation Science Symposium 2021 (Vol. 12082, pp. 382-390). SPIE, 2021.
  • [10] Huang Y, Zhou JL, Yu Y, Mok WC, Lee CF, Yam YS "Uncertainty in the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on air quality in Hong Kong, China". Atmosphere, 11(9), 914, 2020.
  • [11] https://www.nufusu.com/il/istanbul-nufusu, Last accessed: April 4, 2022.
  • [12] https://www.latlong.net/place/istanbul-turkey-2242.html, Last accessed: April 4, 2022.
  • [13] Annual TomTom Traffic Index: the World at the Pace of the Pandemic, https://www.tomtom.com/press-room/general/147356/annual-tomtom-traffic-index-the-world-at-the-pace-of-the-pandemic/, Last accessed: April 4, 2022.
  • [14] https://havakalitesi.ibb.gov.tr/, Last accessed: April 5, 2022.
  • [15] https://data.ibb.gov.tr/en/dataset?q=traffic+index, Last accessed: April 5, 2022.
  • [16] https://turcovid19.com/acikveri/, Last accessed: April 5, 2022.
  • [17] https://www.google.com/covid19/mobility/, Last accessed: April 5, 2022.
  • [18] https://www.opet.com.tr/akaryakit-fiyatlari-arsivi, Last accessed: April 5, 2022.
  • [19] https://www.bsg.ox.ac.uk/research/research-projects/covid-19-government-response-tracker, Last accessed: 11.04.2022.
  • [20] https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/covid-stringency-index, Last accessed: April 5, 2022.
  • [21] https://earthengine.google.com/, Last accessed: April 6, 2022.
  • [22] https://sentinels.copernicus.eu/documents/247904/1848259/Sentinel-5P_Data_Access_and_Products, Last accessed: April 6, 2022.
  • [23] https://developers.google.com/earth-engine/datasets/catalog/COPERNICUS_S5P_NRTI_L3_NO2?hl=en, Last accessed: April 5, 2022.
  • [24] https://developers.google.com/earth-engine/datasets/catalog/COPERNICUS_S5P_NRTI_L3_CO?hl=en, Last accessed: April 5, 2022.
  • [25] https://developers.google.com/earth-engine/datasets/catalog/COPERNICUS_S5P_NRTI_L3_SO2?hl=en, Last accessed: April 5, 2022.
  • [26] https://github.com/cavdarkizi/Spatial-Temporary-Analysis-of-Istanbul-Air-Pollution-During-the-Pandemic-, Last accessed: April 6, 2022.
  • [27] https://www.duvarenglish.com/istanbul-experiences-traffic-jam-on-the-first-day-of-covid-19-full-lockdown-gallery-57303, Last accessed: 13.04.2022.
  • [28] Copernicus Sentinel-5P (processed by ESA), 2021, TROPOMI Level 2 Nitrogen Dioxide total column products. Version 02. European Space Agency. https://doi.org/10.5270/S5P-9bnp8q8, Last accessed: 14.04.2022.
There are 28 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Engineering
Journal Section Articles
Authors

G. Çiğdem Çavdaroğlu

Ahmet Okan Arık

Publication Date June 30, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 6 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Çavdaroğlu, G. Ç., & Arık, A. O. (2023). Spatial-Temporary Analysis of Istanbul Air Pollution During the Pandemic using Google Earth Engine and Google Community Mobility Reports. Veri Bilimi, 6(1), 1-14.



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