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Boriding Effect on the Hardness of AISI 1020, AISI 1060, AISI 4140 Steels and Application of Artificial Neural Network for Prediction of Borided Layer

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 1, 153 - 160

Mehmet Özer Fatih Balikoglu Tayfur Kerem Demircioğlu Yunus Emre Nehri

https://doi.org/10.24012/dumf.1389301

Öz

Artificial neural network approach was used to predict the thicknesses of total (FeB+Fe2B), FeB and Fe2B borides layers of AISI 1020, AISI 1060, and AISI 4140 steels. Boronizing heat treatment was conducted in a solid medium comprising of EKabor®2 powders at 840–960 ˚C at 40 ˚C intervals for 2, 4, 6, and 8 hours. Optical microscope analysis of the borided layer revealed the saw-tooth (columnar) and planar morphology. The depth of the total (FeB+Fe2B), FeB and Fe2B boride layers was accurately predicted. For total boride layers generated by the artificial neural network model, the average error varied between 0.04 and 7.64 µm. Micro hardness values increased by 423% in AISI 1020, 336% in AISI 1060, and 411% in AISI 41040 after the boronizing process.

Anahtar Kelimeler

artificial neural network boronizing borides

Kaynakça

  • [1] T. Balusamy, T. S. Narayanan, K. Ravichandran, I. S. Park, and M. H. Lee, "Pack boronizing of AISI H11 tool steel: Role of surface mechanical attrition treatment," Vacuum, vol. 97, pp. 36-43, 2013.
  • [2] M. Kulka, M. Kulka, and Castro, Current trends in boriding. Springer, 2019.
  • [3] O. Ozdemir, M. Omar, M. Usta, S. Zeytin, C. Bindal, and A. Ucisik, "An investigation on boriding kinetics of AISI 316 stainless steel," Vacuum, vol. 83, no. 1, pp. 175-179, 2008.
  • [4] Y. Kayalı, "Investigation of diffusion kinetics of borided AISI P20 steel in micro-wave furnace," 2015.
  • [5] I. Campos-Silva, M. Ortiz-Domínguez, N. López-Perrusquia, A. Meneses-Amador, R. Escobar-Galindo, and J. Martinez-Trinidad, "Characterization of AISI 4140 borided steels," Applied Surface Science, vol. 256, no. 8, pp. 2372-2379, 2010.
  • [6] A. Günen, M. S. Gök, A. Erdoğan, B. Kurt, and N. Orhan, "Investigation of microabrasion wear behavior of boronized stainless steel with nanoboron powders," Tribology Transactions, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 400-409, 2013.
  • [7] M. S. Gök, Y. Küçük, A. Erdoğan, M. Öge, E. Kanca, and A. Günen, "Dry sliding wear behavior of borided hot-work tool steel at elevated temperatures," Surface and Coatings Technology, vol. 328, pp. 54-62, 2017.
  • [8] A. I. H. Committee and A. S. f. M. H. T. Division, Heat treating. ASM international, 1991.
  • [9] C. Martini, G. Palombarini, G. Poli, and D. Prandstraller, "Sliding and abrasive wear behaviour of boride coatings," Wear, vol. 256, no. 6, pp. 608-613, 2004.
  • [10] L. Yu, X. Chen, K. A. Khor, and G. Sundararajan, "FeB/Fe2B phase transformation during SPS pack-boriding: boride layer growth kinetics," Acta Materialia, vol. 53, no. 8, pp. 2361-2368, 2005.
  • [11] H. Cimenoglu, E. Atar, and A. Motallebzadeh, "High temperature tribological behaviour of borided surfaces based on the phase structure of the boride layer," Wear, vol. 309, no. 1-2, pp. 152-158, 2014.
  • [12] E. Atık, U. Yunker, and C. Merıç, "The effects of conventional heat treatment and boronizing on abrasive wear and corrosion of SAE 1010, SAE 1040, D2 and 304 steels," Tribology International, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 155-161, 2003.
  • [13] A. K. Sinha, "Boriding(Boronizing)," ASM International, ASM Handbook., vol. 4, pp. 437-447, 1991.
  • [14] N. Maragoudakis, G. Stergioudis, H. Omar, E. Pavlidou, and D. Tsipas, "Boro-nitriding of steel US 37-1," Materials Letters, vol. 57, no. 4, pp. 949-952, 2002.
  • [15] Y. Kar, N. Şen, and A. Demirbaş, "Boron minerals in Turkey, their application areas and importance for the country's economy," Minerals & Energy-Raw Materials Report, vol. 20, no. 3-4, pp. 2-10, 2006.
  • [16] H. B. Özerkan, "Simultaneous machining and surface alloying of AISI 1040 steel by electrical discharge machining with boron oxide powders," Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, vol. 32, no. 9, pp. 4357-4364, 2018.
  • [17] R. I. Stephens, A. Fatemi, R. R. Stephens, and H. O. Fuchs, Metal fatigue in engineering. John Wiley & Sons, 2000.
  • [18] Y. Murakami, "Metal Fatigue: Effects of Small Defects and Nonmetallic Inclusions,” Elsevier Science Ltd. UK," 2002.
  • [19] R. Pereira, F. Mariani, A. Neto, G. Totten, and L. Casteletti, "Characterization of layers produced by boriding and boriding-PVD on AISI D2 tool steel," Materials Performance and Characterization, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 406-413, 2016.
  • [20] I. Ozbek and C. Bindal, "Mechanical properties of boronized AISI W4 steel," Surface and Coatings Technology, vol. 154, no. 1, pp. 14-20, 2002.
  • [21] M. Kul, I. Danacı, Ş. Gezer, and B. Karaca, "Effect of boronizing composition on hardness of boronized AISI 1045 steel," Materials Letters, vol. 279, p. 128510, 2020.
  • [22] A. A. Joshi and S. S. Hosmani, "Pack-boronizing of AISI 4140 steel: boronizing mechanism and the role of container design," Materials and Manufacturing Processes, vol. 29, no. 9, pp. 1062-1072, 2014.
  • [23] S. Şahin, "Effects of boronizing process on the surface roughness and dimensions of AISI 1020, AISI 1040 and AISI 2714," Journal of materials processing technology, vol. 209, no. 4, pp. 1736-1741, 2009.
  • [24] İ. Türkmen and E. Yalamaç, "Effect of Alternative Boronizing Mixtures on Boride Layer and Tribological Behaviour of Boronized SAE 1020 Steel," Metals and Materials International, pp. 1-15, 2021.
  • [25] F. Fernandes, L. Casteletti, S. Heck, and G. Totten, Wear evaluation of pack boronized AISI 1060 steel. ASTM International, 2013.
  • [26] K. Kasiviswanathan, K. Sudheer, and J. He, "Quantification of prediction uncertainty in artificial neural network models," in Artificial neural network modelling: Springer, 2016, pp. 145-159.
  • [27] R. Hristev, "The ANN book," ed: Edition, 1998.

Boriding Effect on the Hardness of AISI 1020, AISI 1060, AISI 4140 Steels and Application of Artificial Neural Network for Prediction of Borided Layer

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 1, 153 - 160

Mehmet Özer Fatih Balikoglu Tayfur Kerem Demircioğlu Yunus Emre Nehri

https://doi.org/10.24012/dumf.1389301

Öz

Artificial neural network approach was used to predict the thicknesses of total (FeB+Fe2B), FeB and Fe2B borides layers of AISI 1020, AISI 1060, and AISI 4140 steels. Boronizing heat treatment was conducted in a solid medium comprising of EKabor®2 powders at 840–960 ˚C at 40 ˚C intervals for 2, 4, 6, and 8 hours. Optical microscope analysis of the borided layer revealed the saw-tooth (columnar) and planar morphology. The depth of the total (FeB+Fe2B), FeB and Fe2B boride layers was accurately predicted. For total boride layers generated by the artificial neural network model, the average error varied between 0.04 and 7.64 µm. Micro hardness values increased by 423% in AISI 1020, 336% in AISI 1060, and 411% in AISI 41040 after the boronizing process.

Anahtar Kelimeler

artificial neural network boronizing borides

Kaynakça

  • [1] T. Balusamy, T. S. Narayanan, K. Ravichandran, I. S. Park, and M. H. Lee, "Pack boronizing of AISI H11 tool steel: Role of surface mechanical attrition treatment," Vacuum, vol. 97, pp. 36-43, 2013.
  • [2] M. Kulka, M. Kulka, and Castro, Current trends in boriding. Springer, 2019.
  • [3] O. Ozdemir, M. Omar, M. Usta, S. Zeytin, C. Bindal, and A. Ucisik, "An investigation on boriding kinetics of AISI 316 stainless steel," Vacuum, vol. 83, no. 1, pp. 175-179, 2008.
  • [4] Y. Kayalı, "Investigation of diffusion kinetics of borided AISI P20 steel in micro-wave furnace," 2015.
  • [5] I. Campos-Silva, M. Ortiz-Domínguez, N. López-Perrusquia, A. Meneses-Amador, R. Escobar-Galindo, and J. Martinez-Trinidad, "Characterization of AISI 4140 borided steels," Applied Surface Science, vol. 256, no. 8, pp. 2372-2379, 2010.
  • [6] A. Günen, M. S. Gök, A. Erdoğan, B. Kurt, and N. Orhan, "Investigation of microabrasion wear behavior of boronized stainless steel with nanoboron powders," Tribology Transactions, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 400-409, 2013.
  • [7] M. S. Gök, Y. Küçük, A. Erdoğan, M. Öge, E. Kanca, and A. Günen, "Dry sliding wear behavior of borided hot-work tool steel at elevated temperatures," Surface and Coatings Technology, vol. 328, pp. 54-62, 2017.
  • [8] A. I. H. Committee and A. S. f. M. H. T. Division, Heat treating. ASM international, 1991.
  • [9] C. Martini, G. Palombarini, G. Poli, and D. Prandstraller, "Sliding and abrasive wear behaviour of boride coatings," Wear, vol. 256, no. 6, pp. 608-613, 2004.
  • [10] L. Yu, X. Chen, K. A. Khor, and G. Sundararajan, "FeB/Fe2B phase transformation during SPS pack-boriding: boride layer growth kinetics," Acta Materialia, vol. 53, no. 8, pp. 2361-2368, 2005.
  • [11] H. Cimenoglu, E. Atar, and A. Motallebzadeh, "High temperature tribological behaviour of borided surfaces based on the phase structure of the boride layer," Wear, vol. 309, no. 1-2, pp. 152-158, 2014.
  • [12] E. Atık, U. Yunker, and C. Merıç, "The effects of conventional heat treatment and boronizing on abrasive wear and corrosion of SAE 1010, SAE 1040, D2 and 304 steels," Tribology International, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 155-161, 2003.
  • [13] A. K. Sinha, "Boriding(Boronizing)," ASM International, ASM Handbook., vol. 4, pp. 437-447, 1991.
  • [14] N. Maragoudakis, G. Stergioudis, H. Omar, E. Pavlidou, and D. Tsipas, "Boro-nitriding of steel US 37-1," Materials Letters, vol. 57, no. 4, pp. 949-952, 2002.
  • [15] Y. Kar, N. Şen, and A. Demirbaş, "Boron minerals in Turkey, their application areas and importance for the country's economy," Minerals & Energy-Raw Materials Report, vol. 20, no. 3-4, pp. 2-10, 2006.
  • [16] H. B. Özerkan, "Simultaneous machining and surface alloying of AISI 1040 steel by electrical discharge machining with boron oxide powders," Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, vol. 32, no. 9, pp. 4357-4364, 2018.
  • [17] R. I. Stephens, A. Fatemi, R. R. Stephens, and H. O. Fuchs, Metal fatigue in engineering. John Wiley & Sons, 2000.
  • [18] Y. Murakami, "Metal Fatigue: Effects of Small Defects and Nonmetallic Inclusions,” Elsevier Science Ltd. UK," 2002.
  • [19] R. Pereira, F. Mariani, A. Neto, G. Totten, and L. Casteletti, "Characterization of layers produced by boriding and boriding-PVD on AISI D2 tool steel," Materials Performance and Characterization, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 406-413, 2016.
  • [20] I. Ozbek and C. Bindal, "Mechanical properties of boronized AISI W4 steel," Surface and Coatings Technology, vol. 154, no. 1, pp. 14-20, 2002.
  • [21] M. Kul, I. Danacı, Ş. Gezer, and B. Karaca, "Effect of boronizing composition on hardness of boronized AISI 1045 steel," Materials Letters, vol. 279, p. 128510, 2020.
  • [22] A. A. Joshi and S. S. Hosmani, "Pack-boronizing of AISI 4140 steel: boronizing mechanism and the role of container design," Materials and Manufacturing Processes, vol. 29, no. 9, pp. 1062-1072, 2014.
  • [23] S. Şahin, "Effects of boronizing process on the surface roughness and dimensions of AISI 1020, AISI 1040 and AISI 2714," Journal of materials processing technology, vol. 209, no. 4, pp. 1736-1741, 2009.
  • [24] İ. Türkmen and E. Yalamaç, "Effect of Alternative Boronizing Mixtures on Boride Layer and Tribological Behaviour of Boronized SAE 1020 Steel," Metals and Materials International, pp. 1-15, 2021.
  • [25] F. Fernandes, L. Casteletti, S. Heck, and G. Totten, Wear evaluation of pack boronized AISI 1060 steel. ASTM International, 2013.
  • [26] K. Kasiviswanathan, K. Sudheer, and J. He, "Quantification of prediction uncertainty in artificial neural network models," in Artificial neural network modelling: Springer, 2016, pp. 145-159.
  • [27] R. Hristev, "The ANN book," ed: Edition, 1998.
Toplam 27 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Yapay Zeka (Diğer), Malzeme Tasarım ve Davranışları
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Mehmet Özer 0000-0002-6212-1217

Fatih Balikoglu 0000-0003-3836-5569

Tayfur Kerem Demircioğlu 0000-0002-0518-0739

Yunus Emre Nehri 0000-0003-2119-9031

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 29 Mart 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi
Gönderilme Tarihi 11 Kasım 2023
Kabul Tarihi 4 Mart 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 15 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

IEEE M. Özer, F. Balikoglu, T. K. Demircioğlu, ve Y. E. Nehri, “Boriding Effect on the Hardness of AISI 1020, AISI 1060, AISI 4140 Steels and Application of Artificial Neural Network for Prediction of Borided Layer”, DÜMF MD, c. 15, sy. 1, ss. 153–160, 2024, doi: 10.24012/dumf.1389301.
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