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Examining Artificial Intelligence and Fundamental Human Rights Through a Review and Student Perspectives from North Macedonian Universities

Year 2024, Volume: 7 Issue: 3, 521 - 530, 31.12.2024

Enes Bajrami , Festim Halili , Florim Idrizi

https://doi.org/10.35377/saucis...1441194

Abstract

This comprehensive paper seeks to explore the intricate intersection between artificial intelligence (AI) and fundamental human rights, shedding light on pivotal areas including Privacy & Surveillance, Bias in Decision Systems, and Autonomous Systems. Through an exhaustive analysis of scholarly literature and contemporary advancements, this paper aims to unveil the complex interplay between AI technologies and the safeguarding of human rights. Moreover, it integrates viewpoints derived from students representing diverse academic backgrounds across numerous universities in North Macedonia, elicited through a meticulously crafted questionnaire. In essence, this paper endeavors to provide a holistic understanding of the multifaceted relationship between AI and human rights, drawing upon academic research, real-world examples, and the perspectives of the next generation of thinkers and leaders. By delving into these critical areas and synthesizing insights from various sources, it seeks to contribute to ongoing discourse and facilitate informed discussions on the ethical implications and societal ramifications of AI advancements.

Keywords

Artificial Intelligence Ethics Privacy Bias Fundamental

Supporting Institution

University of Tetova and Ss. Cyril and Methodius University

References

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  • [5] M. Brundage, "Limitations and risks of machine ethics," Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 355-372, 2014.
  • [6] C. Mayer, Developing Autonomous Systems in an Ethical Manner, Norfolk, Virginia: NATO, 2015.
  • [7] P. Boddington, Towards a Code of Ethics for Artificial Intelligence, 1st ed., Springer, 2017, pp. 0-143.
  • [8] Alexander KRIEBITZ;Christoph LÜTGE, "Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights: A Business Ethical Assessment," Business and Human Rights Journa, vol. 5, no. 1, 2020.
  • [9] Jesús Salgado-Criado, Celia Fernández-Aller, "A Wide Human-Rights Approach to Artificial Intelligence Regulation in Europe," IEEE Technology and Society Magazine, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 55 - 65, 2021.
  • [10] S. Kathuria, P. Rawat, R. Singh, A. Gehlot, N. Kathuria and S. Pandey, "Artificial Intelligence: Creation of Human Rights in Technology," International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Smart Communication (AISC), pp. 328-331, 2023.
  • [11] U. A. Usmani, A. Happonen and J. Watada, "Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence: Designing for User Empowerment and Ethical Considerations," International Congress on Human-Computer Interaction, Optimization and Robotic Applications (HORA), Istanbul, Turkiye, pp. 1-7, 2023.
  • [12] C. Huang, Z. Zhang, B. Mao and X. Yao, "An Overview of Artificial Intelligence Ethics," IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 799-819, 2023.
  • [13] Z. Ayub and M. T. Banday, "Ethics in Artificial Intelligence: An Analysis of Ethical Issues and Possible Solutions," Third International Conference on Smart Technologies, Communication and Robotics (STCR), Sathyamangalam, India, pp. 1-6, 2023.
  • [14] L. R. Jain and V. Menon, "AI Algorithmic Bias: Understanding its Causes, Ethical and Social Implications," IEEE 35th International Conference on Tools with Artificial Intelligence (ICTAI), Atlanta, GA, USA, pp. 460-467, 2023.
  • [15] Wybo Houkes;Pieter E. Vermaas, Philosophy of Engineering and Technology, Springer, 2010.
  • [16] Peter-Paul Verbeek, "Moralizing Technology: Understanding and Designing the Morality of Things," The University of Chicago Press, 2011.
  • [17] L. Floridi, J. Cowls, M. Beltrametti, R. Chatila, P. Chazerand, V. Dignum, C. Luetge, R. Madelin, U. Pagallo, F. Rossi, B. Schafer, P. Valcke and E. Vayena, "AI4People—An Ethical Framework for a Good AI Society: Opportunities, Risks, Principles, and Recommendations," Minds and Machines, vol. 28, pp. 689-707, 2018.
  • [18] Vincent C. Müller; Nick Bostrom , "Future Progress in Artificial Intelligence: A Survey of Expert Opinion," Fundamental Issues of Artificial Intelligence - Springer, vol. 376, p. 555–572, 2016.
  • [19] K. Macnish, The Ethics of Surveillance, 1st ed., Routledge, 2018, p. 216.
  • [20] Colin J. Bennett and Charles Raab, The Governance of Privacy - Policy Instruments in Global Perspective, The MIT Press, 2006.
  • [21] V. C. Müller, Ethics of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2020.
  • [22] A. Bertolini and G. Aiello, "Robot companions: A legal and ethical analysis," The Information Society - An International Journal, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 130-140, 2018.
  • [23] R. Sparrow, "Killer Robots," Journal of Applied Philosophy, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 62-77, 2007.
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  • [25] B. Schneier, Data and Goliath: The Hidden Battles to Collect Your Data and Control Your World, W. W. Norton & Company, 2016, pp. 1-448.
  • [26] S. Zuboff, The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power, 1st ed., PublicAffairs, 2019.
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  • [28] John R. Searle, "Minds, brains, and programs," Behavioral and Brain Sciences, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 417 - 424, 1980.
  • [29] Bernd Carsten Stahl;David Wright, "Ethics and Privacy in AI and Big Data: Implementing Responsible Research and Innovation," IEEE Security Privacy, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 26-33, 2018.
  • [30] Safiya Umoja Noble, Algorithms of Oppression - How Search Engines Reinforce Racism, NYU Press, 2018.
  • [31] Kenneth Holstein, Jennifer Wortman Vaughan, Hal Daumé III, Miro Dudík, Hanna Wallach, "Improving fairness in machine learning systems: What do industry practitioners need?," Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 2019.
  • [32] E. Ferrara, "Fairness and Bias in Artificial Intelligence: A Brief Survey of Sources, Impacts, and Mitigation Strategies," vol. 6, no. 1, 2024.
  • [33] Ziad Obermeyer;Brian Powers;Christine Vogeli;Sendhil Mullainathan, "Dissecting racial bias in an algorithm used to manage the health of populations," Science, vol. 366, no. 6464, pp. 447-453, 2019.
  • [34] Brent Daniel Mittelstadt; Patrick Allo; Mariarosaria Taddeo;Sandra Wachter;Luciano Floridi, "The ethics of algorithms: Mapping the debate," Sage Journal, vol. 3, no. 2, 2016.
  • [35] Mike Ananny;Kate Crawford, "Seeing without knowing: Limitations of the transparency ideal and its application to algorithmic accountability," Sage Journal, vol. 20, no. 3, 2016.
  • [36] J. Christman, "Autonomy in Moral and Political Philosophy," Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2018.
  • [37] Vincent C. Müller, "Autonomous Cognitive Systems in Real-World Environments: Less Control, More Flexibility and Better Interaction," Springer, vol. 4, p. 212–215, 2012.
  • [38] Stuart Russell, Human Compatible: Artificial Intelligence and the Problem of Control, Penguin Books, 2019.
  • [39] Stuart Russell;Daniel Dewey;Max Tegmark, "Research Priorities for Robust and Beneficial Artificial Intelligence," Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence., vol. 36, no. 4, p. 105–114, 2015.

Year 2024, Volume: 7 Issue: 3, 521 - 530, 31.12.2024

Enes Bajrami , Festim Halili , Florim Idrizi

https://doi.org/10.35377/saucis...1441194

Abstract

References

  • [1] V. Vakkuri and P. Abrahamsson, "The Key Concepts of Ethics of Artificial Intelligence," IEEE International Conference on Engineering, Technology and Innovation (ICE/ITMC), pp. 1-6, 2018.
  • [2] J. M. Abowd, "How Will Statistical Agencies Operate When All Data Are Private?," Journal of Privacy and Confidentiality, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 1-15, 2017.
  • [3] C. Allen, I. Smit and W. Wallach, "Artificial Morality: Top-down, Bottom-up, and Hybrid Approaches," Ethics and Information Technology , vol. 7, pp. 149-155, 2005.
  • [4] C. Allen, W. Wallach and I. Smit, "Why Machine Ethics?," Intelligent Systems, IEEE, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 12-17, 2006.
  • [5] M. Brundage, "Limitations and risks of machine ethics," Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 355-372, 2014.
  • [6] C. Mayer, Developing Autonomous Systems in an Ethical Manner, Norfolk, Virginia: NATO, 2015.
  • [7] P. Boddington, Towards a Code of Ethics for Artificial Intelligence, 1st ed., Springer, 2017, pp. 0-143.
  • [8] Alexander KRIEBITZ;Christoph LÜTGE, "Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights: A Business Ethical Assessment," Business and Human Rights Journa, vol. 5, no. 1, 2020.
  • [9] Jesús Salgado-Criado, Celia Fernández-Aller, "A Wide Human-Rights Approach to Artificial Intelligence Regulation in Europe," IEEE Technology and Society Magazine, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 55 - 65, 2021.
  • [10] S. Kathuria, P. Rawat, R. Singh, A. Gehlot, N. Kathuria and S. Pandey, "Artificial Intelligence: Creation of Human Rights in Technology," International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Smart Communication (AISC), pp. 328-331, 2023.
  • [11] U. A. Usmani, A. Happonen and J. Watada, "Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence: Designing for User Empowerment and Ethical Considerations," International Congress on Human-Computer Interaction, Optimization and Robotic Applications (HORA), Istanbul, Turkiye, pp. 1-7, 2023.
  • [12] C. Huang, Z. Zhang, B. Mao and X. Yao, "An Overview of Artificial Intelligence Ethics," IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 799-819, 2023.
  • [13] Z. Ayub and M. T. Banday, "Ethics in Artificial Intelligence: An Analysis of Ethical Issues and Possible Solutions," Third International Conference on Smart Technologies, Communication and Robotics (STCR), Sathyamangalam, India, pp. 1-6, 2023.
  • [14] L. R. Jain and V. Menon, "AI Algorithmic Bias: Understanding its Causes, Ethical and Social Implications," IEEE 35th International Conference on Tools with Artificial Intelligence (ICTAI), Atlanta, GA, USA, pp. 460-467, 2023.
  • [15] Wybo Houkes;Pieter E. Vermaas, Philosophy of Engineering and Technology, Springer, 2010.
  • [16] Peter-Paul Verbeek, "Moralizing Technology: Understanding and Designing the Morality of Things," The University of Chicago Press, 2011.
  • [17] L. Floridi, J. Cowls, M. Beltrametti, R. Chatila, P. Chazerand, V. Dignum, C. Luetge, R. Madelin, U. Pagallo, F. Rossi, B. Schafer, P. Valcke and E. Vayena, "AI4People—An Ethical Framework for a Good AI Society: Opportunities, Risks, Principles, and Recommendations," Minds and Machines, vol. 28, pp. 689-707, 2018.
  • [18] Vincent C. Müller; Nick Bostrom , "Future Progress in Artificial Intelligence: A Survey of Expert Opinion," Fundamental Issues of Artificial Intelligence - Springer, vol. 376, p. 555–572, 2016.
  • [19] K. Macnish, The Ethics of Surveillance, 1st ed., Routledge, 2018, p. 216.
  • [20] Colin J. Bennett and Charles Raab, The Governance of Privacy - Policy Instruments in Global Perspective, The MIT Press, 2006.
  • [21] V. C. Müller, Ethics of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2020.
  • [22] A. Bertolini and G. Aiello, "Robot companions: A legal and ethical analysis," The Information Society - An International Journal, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 130-140, 2018.
  • [23] R. Sparrow, "Killer Robots," Journal of Applied Philosophy, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 62-77, 2007.
  • [24] R. Sparrow, "Robots in aged care: a dystopian future?," AI & Society, vol. 31, pp. 445-454, 2015.
  • [25] B. Schneier, Data and Goliath: The Hidden Battles to Collect Your Data and Control Your World, W. W. Norton & Company, 2016, pp. 1-448.
  • [26] S. Zuboff, The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power, 1st ed., PublicAffairs, 2019.
  • [27] C. Newport, Digital Minimalism, Portfolio Penguin, 2019.
  • [28] John R. Searle, "Minds, brains, and programs," Behavioral and Brain Sciences, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 417 - 424, 1980.
  • [29] Bernd Carsten Stahl;David Wright, "Ethics and Privacy in AI and Big Data: Implementing Responsible Research and Innovation," IEEE Security Privacy, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 26-33, 2018.
  • [30] Safiya Umoja Noble, Algorithms of Oppression - How Search Engines Reinforce Racism, NYU Press, 2018.
  • [31] Kenneth Holstein, Jennifer Wortman Vaughan, Hal Daumé III, Miro Dudík, Hanna Wallach, "Improving fairness in machine learning systems: What do industry practitioners need?," Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 2019.
  • [32] E. Ferrara, "Fairness and Bias in Artificial Intelligence: A Brief Survey of Sources, Impacts, and Mitigation Strategies," vol. 6, no. 1, 2024.
  • [33] Ziad Obermeyer;Brian Powers;Christine Vogeli;Sendhil Mullainathan, "Dissecting racial bias in an algorithm used to manage the health of populations," Science, vol. 366, no. 6464, pp. 447-453, 2019.
  • [34] Brent Daniel Mittelstadt; Patrick Allo; Mariarosaria Taddeo;Sandra Wachter;Luciano Floridi, "The ethics of algorithms: Mapping the debate," Sage Journal, vol. 3, no. 2, 2016.
  • [35] Mike Ananny;Kate Crawford, "Seeing without knowing: Limitations of the transparency ideal and its application to algorithmic accountability," Sage Journal, vol. 20, no. 3, 2016.
  • [36] J. Christman, "Autonomy in Moral and Political Philosophy," Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2018.
  • [37] Vincent C. Müller, "Autonomous Cognitive Systems in Real-World Environments: Less Control, More Flexibility and Better Interaction," Springer, vol. 4, p. 212–215, 2012.
  • [38] Stuart Russell, Human Compatible: Artificial Intelligence and the Problem of Control, Penguin Books, 2019.
  • [39] Stuart Russell;Daniel Dewey;Max Tegmark, "Research Priorities for Robust and Beneficial Artificial Intelligence," Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence., vol. 36, no. 4, p. 105–114, 2015.
There are 39 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Computer Software
Journal Section Review
Authors

Enes Bajrami 0009-0005-7960-3959

Festim Halili

Florim Idrizi

Early Pub Date December 31, 2024
Publication Date December 31, 2024
Submission Date February 22, 2024
Acceptance Date June 4, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024Volume: 7 Issue: 3

Cite

IEEE E. Bajrami, F. Halili, and F. Idrizi, “Examining Artificial Intelligence and Fundamental Human Rights Through a Review and Student Perspectives from North Macedonian Universities”, SAUCIS, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 521–530, 2024, doi: 10.35377/saucis...1441194.
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