Effect of Blending Ratio and Injection Timing on Combustion and Emissions of a Common-Rail Diesel Engine Fueled by Iso-Propanol-Butanol-Ethanol (IBE) and Conventional Diesel

Kudbettin İlçin; Müjdat Fırat; Şehmus Altun; Mutlu Okcu

doi:10.2339/politeknik.1027649

Araştırma Makalesi

Geleneksel Dizel ve IBE Yakıtlı Bir Common-Rail Dizel Motorun Yanma ve Emisyonları Üzerinde Karışım Oranı ve Püskürtme Zamanının Etkisi

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 26 Sayı: 4, 1327 - 1339, 01.12.2023

Kudbettin İlçin Müjdat Fırat Şehmus Altun Mutlu Okcu

https://doi.org/10.2339/politeknik.1027649

Cited By: 2

Öz

Bu çalışmada, İzopropanol-bütanol-etanol (IBE) ile petrol kökenli dizel yakıtının hacimsel olarak %10, %20 ve %30 oranlarında karışımlarının kullanıldığı tek silindirli common-rail dizel motorunun yanma ve emisyon karakteristikleri maksimum torkun %20, %40 ve %60’ına karşılık gelen farklı yükler altında incelenmiştir. Püskürtme zamanlamasının etkisi de üst ölü noktadan önce (ÜÖNö) 15 °KA (Krank Mili Açısı) ve 23 °KA arasında 2 °KA’lık artışlarla %60 yükte ve 2400 rpm sabit hızda incelenmiştir. Deneysel sonuçlar, dizel yakıtı ile karşılaştırıldığında, IBE karışımlarının düşük yük koşullarında yanmayı geciktirdiğini ancak yükteki artışın bu gecikmeyi azalttığını göstermiştir. IBE kullanımında silindir gaz basıncında %5.7’ye kadar ve ısı salınım oranında ise %42’ye kadar bir artış gözlemlenmiştir. Emisyonlarla ilgili olarak, yük ve IBE oranı ile CO emisyonlarında önemli bir değişiklik gözlenmemesine rağmen; yanmamış HC’lar düşük yük koşullarında %35’e kadar artmıştır; ancak, %60 yükte azalmıştır. Duman opaklığında konvansiyonel dizel yakıtı ile karşılaştırıldığında IBE30 ile %64’e kadar bir azalma olurken, NOx emisyonları %10 civarında artmıştır. Püskürtme avansındaki azalma, basınç ve ısı salınım oranında azalmaya neden olurken, NOx emisyonları kademeli olarak artan püskürtme avansı ile %54’e kadar bir artış göstermiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

İzopropanol-bütanol-etanol (IBE), emisyon, püskürtme zamanı, common-rail

Destekleyen Kurum

Tubitak

Proje Numarası

118M650

Teşekkür

Bu deneysel çalışma 118M650 no'lu TÜBİTAK projesinin mali desteği ile kurulan Fırat Üniversitesi Motor Test Laboratuvarı'nda yapılmıştır.

Kaynakça

[1] Calam A., “Homojen Dolgulu Sıkıştırma ile Ateşlemeli Bir Motorda N-Heptan-Tetrahidrofuran Karışımlarının Yanma, Performans Ve Emisyonlara Etkisi”, Politeknik Dergisi 24: 1033-1041, (2021)
[2] Garayev A., Güneş Ş., Çiğdem G., “Performance and Emission Characteristics of Pyridine and Isobutanol Added Gasoline-Ethanol-Water Blends in a Single Cylinder SI Gasoline Engine”, Isı Bilimi ve Tekniği Dergisi, 41(1): 11-21, (2021).
[3] Solmaz H., İpci D. “RCCI bir motorda farklı giriş sıcaklıkları için direkt enjeksiyon zamanlaması ile yanma fazının kontrolü”, Isı Bilimi ve Tekniği Dergisi, 40(2): 267-279, (2020).
[4] Shafiei S., Salim R.A., “Non-renewable and renewable energy consumption and CO2 emissions in OECD countries: a comparative analysis”, Energy Policy, 66: 547-556 (2014).
[5] Yesilyurt M. K., Arslan M., Eryilmaz T. “Application of response surface methodology for the optimization of biodiesel production from yellow mustard (Sinapis alba L.) seed oil”, International journal of green energy, 16(1): 60-71, (2019).
[6] https://eurlex.europa.eu (2021).
[7] Altun Ş. Rodríguez-Fernández J. “Biofuels derived from Turkish industry wastes- study of performance and emissions in a diesel engine”, Environ. Prog. Sustainable Energy, 35(3): 847-852, (2016).
[8] Aydın S., Sayın C., Altun Ş., Aydın H. “Effects of thermal barrier coating on the performance and combustion characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with biodiesel produced from waste frying cottonseed oil and ultra-low sulfur diesel”, International Journal of Green Energy, 13(11): 1102-1108, (2016).
[9] Altun Ş. Lapuerta M. “Properties and emission indicators of biodiesel fuels obtained from waste oils from the Turkish industry”, Fuel, 128: 288-295, (2014).
[10] Varol Y., Öner C., Öztop H.F., Altun Ş. “Comparison of methanol, ethanol or n-butanol blending with unleaded gasoline on exhaust emissions of a SI engine”, Energy Sources Part A, 36(9): 938- 948, (2014).
[11] Hansen A.C., Lyne P.W., Zhang Q. “Ethanol-Diesel Blends: A step towards a bio- based fuel for diesel engines”, ASAE, 01 (2001) 6048.
[12] Lapuerta M., García-Contreras R., Campos-Fernandez J., Dorado M.P. “Stability, lubricity, viscosity, and cold-flow properties of alcohol-diesel blends”, Energy and Fuels, 24(8): 4497-4502, (2010).
[13] Sayın C., “Engine performance and exhaust gas emissions of methanol and ethanol-diesel blends”, Fuel, 89(11): 3410-3415, (2010).
[14] Lapuerta M., Armas O., Herreros J. M. “Emissions from a diesel–bioethanol blend in an automotive diesel engine”, Fuel, 87(1): 25-31, (2008).
[15] Avcı A., Dönmez S., “Biyoyakıt Olarak Bütanol ve Fermantasyonla Üretimi”, Elektronik Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi, 2: 1-12, (2011).
[16] Lapuerta M., Ramos Á., Barba J., Fernández-Rodríguez D. “Cold-and warm-temperature emissions assessment of n-butanol blends in a Euro 6 vehicle”, Applied Energy, 218: 173-183, (2018).
[17] Pugazhendhi A., et al., “Biobutanol as a promising liquid fuel for the future-recent updates and perspectives”, Fuel, 253: 637-646, (2019).
[18] Altun Ş., Öner C., Yasar F., Adin H. “Effect of n-butanol blending with a blend of diesel and biodiesel on performance and exhaust emissions of a diesel engine”, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 50(15): 9425-9430, (2011).
[19] Kattela S.P., Vysyaraju R.K.R., Surapaneni S.R., Ganji P.R. “Effect of n-butanol/diesel blends and piston bowl geometry on combustion and emission characteristics of CI engine”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(2): 1661-1674, (2019).
[20] Muthaiyan P., Gomathinayagam S. “Combustion characteristics of a diesel engine using propanol diesel fuel blends”, Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series C, 97(3): 323–329, (2016).
[21] Demirdelen S. “IBE fermantasyonundan butanol ve izopropanol saflaştırma prosesinin tasarımı ve kontrolü”, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, (2019).
[22] Wu H., Nithyanandan K., Zhang J., Lind Y., Lee T.H., Lee C.F., Zhang C. “Impacts of Acetone–Butanol–Ethanol (ABE) ratio on spray and combustion characteristics of ABE–diesel blends”, Applied Energy, 149: 367-378, (2015).
[23] Lee T., Lin Y., Meng X., Li Y. “Combustion characteristics of acetone, butanol, and ethanol (ABE) blended with diesel in a compression-ignition engine”, SAE Technical Paper, 2016-01-0884.
[24] Li Y., Chen Y., Wu G., Lee C.F., Liu J. “Experimental comparison of acetone-n-butanol-ethanol (ABE) and isopropanol-n-butanol-ethanol (IBE) as fuel candidate in spark-ignition engine”, Applied Thermal Engineering, 133: 179-187, (2018).
[25] Li G., Liu Z., Lee T.H., Lee C.F., Zhang C, “Effects of dilute gas on combustion and emission characteristics of a common-rail diesel engine fueled with isopropanol-butanol-ethanol and diesel blends”, Energy Conversion and Management, 165: 373–381, (2018).
[26] Hu J., Abubakar S., Li Y. “A novel reduced i-propanol-n-butanol-ethanol (IBE)/diesel mechanism for engine combustion and emissions prediction”, Fuel, 278: 118291, (2020).
[27] Li Y., Lou B., Abubakar S., Wu G. “Skeletal mechanism for i-propanol-n-butanol-ethanol (IBE) and n-butanol combustion in diesel engine”, Fuel, 302: 121136, (2021).
[28] İlçin K., Altun Ş. “Effect of biodiesel addition in a blend of isopropanol-butanol-ethanol and diesel on combustion and emissions of a CRDI engine”, Energy Sources Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 1-13, (2021).
[29] Li G., Lee T.H., Liu Z., Lee C.F., Zhang C. “Effects of injection strategies on combustion and emission characteristics of a common-rail diesel engine fueled with isopropanol-butanol-ethanol and diesel blends”, Renewable Energy, 130: 677-686, (2019).
[30] Lee T., Hansen A., Li G. and Lee T., “Effects of isopropanol-butanol-ethanol and diesel fuel blends on combustion characteristics in a constant volume chamber”, Fuel, 254: 115613, (2019).
[31] İlçin K. “İzopropanol-bütanol-etanol (IBE)'ün dizel ve biyodizel yakıtları ile karışımlarının bir dizel motorunda yanma ve emisyon karakteristiklerine etkisi”, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Batman Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, (2020).
[32] Nour M., Attia A.M., Nada S.A. “Combustion, performance and emission analysis of diesel engine fuelled by higher alcohols (butanol, octanol and heptanol)/diesel blends”, Energy Conversion and Management, 185: 313-329, (2019).
[33] Okcu M., Varol Y., Altun Ş., Fırat M. “Effects of isopropanol-butanol-ethanol (IBE) on combustion characteristics of a RCCI engine fueled by biodiesel fuel”, Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 47: 101443, (2021).
[34] Duan X., Xu Z., Sun X., Deng B., Liu J., “Effects of injection timing and EGR on combustion and emissions characteristics of the diesel engine fuelled with acetone–butanol–ethanol/diesel blend fuels”, Energy, 231: 121069, (2021).
[35] Aydın S., “Detailed evaluation of combustion, performance and emissions of ethyl proxitol and methyl proxitol-safflower biodiesel blends in a power generator diesel engine”, Fuel, 270: 117492, (2020).
[36] Atmanlı A., Yılmaz N. “An experimental assessment on semi-low temperature combustion using waste oil biodiesel/C3-C5 alcohol blends in a diesel engine”, Fuel, 260: 116357, (2020).
[37] Huang J., Wang Y., Li S., Roskilly A.P., Yu H., Li H., “Experimental investigation on the performance and emissions of a diesel engine fuelled with ethanol–diesel blends”, Applied Thermal Engineering, 29(11-12): 2484-2490, (2009).
[38] Abubakar S., Hu J., Li Y.,Narayyan S., “Water-containing i-propanol-n-butanol-ethanol (IBE) as a next-generation biofuel of n-butanol for diesel engine”, Indian Journal of Engineering and Materials Sciences, 28(3): 223-233, (2021).
[39] Seven İ., Altun Ş., “Dizel motorlu bir jeneratörün egzoz emisyonları üzerinde biyoetanol, n-butanol ve biyodizelin etkisi”, DÜMF Mühendislik Dergisi, 9(1): 235-244, (2018).
[40] Sayın C., Çanakçı M., “Effects of injection timing on the engine performance and exhaust emissions of a dual-fuel diesel engine”, Energy Conversion and Management, 50: 203-213, (2009).

Effect of Blending Ratio and Injection Timing on Combustion and Emissions of a Common-Rail Diesel Engine Fueled by Iso-Propanol-Butanol-Ethanol (IBE) and Conventional Diesel

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 26 Sayı: 4, 1327 - 1339, 01.12.2023

Kudbettin İlçin Müjdat Fırat Şehmus Altun Mutlu Okcu

https://doi.org/10.2339/politeknik.1027649

Cited By: 2

Öz

In present study, combustion characteristics of mixtures of isopropanol-butanol-ethanol (IBE) with petroleum-based diesel fuel at the rates of 10%, 20% and 30% volumetrically in a single-cylinder CRDI engine were examined under different loads which correspond to 20%, 40% and 60% of maximum torque. The effect of the injection timings from 15 °CA to 23 °CA (bTDC) with 2 °CA increments was also studied at 60% load and constant speed of 2400 rpm. Experimental results showed that IBE blends with diesel fuel delayed the combustion at low load while increasing load reduced this delay when compared with diesel fuel. An increase in cylinder gas pressure up to 5.7% and rate of heat release up to 42% in using IBE was observed. Regarding emissions, despite no significant change in CO emission was observed with the load and IBE ratio; UHCs increased up to 35% at low load conditions; however, they reduced at 60% load. While smoke opacity reduced up to 64% with IBE30 when compared with diesel fuel, NOx emissions increased about 10%. The decrease in injection advance caused a decrease in pressure and heat release rate, while NOx emissions increased gradually up to 54% with increasing injection advance.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Isopropanol-butanol-ethanol (IBE), emissions, injection timing, common-rail

Proje Numarası

118M650

Kaynakça

[1] Calam A., “Homojen Dolgulu Sıkıştırma ile Ateşlemeli Bir Motorda N-Heptan-Tetrahidrofuran Karışımlarının Yanma, Performans Ve Emisyonlara Etkisi”, Politeknik Dergisi 24: 1033-1041, (2021)
[2] Garayev A., Güneş Ş., Çiğdem G., “Performance and Emission Characteristics of Pyridine and Isobutanol Added Gasoline-Ethanol-Water Blends in a Single Cylinder SI Gasoline Engine”, Isı Bilimi ve Tekniği Dergisi, 41(1): 11-21, (2021).
[3] Solmaz H., İpci D. “RCCI bir motorda farklı giriş sıcaklıkları için direkt enjeksiyon zamanlaması ile yanma fazının kontrolü”, Isı Bilimi ve Tekniği Dergisi, 40(2): 267-279, (2020).
[4] Shafiei S., Salim R.A., “Non-renewable and renewable energy consumption and CO2 emissions in OECD countries: a comparative analysis”, Energy Policy, 66: 547-556 (2014).
[5] Yesilyurt M. K., Arslan M., Eryilmaz T. “Application of response surface methodology for the optimization of biodiesel production from yellow mustard (Sinapis alba L.) seed oil”, International journal of green energy, 16(1): 60-71, (2019).
[6] https://eurlex.europa.eu (2021).
[7] Altun Ş. Rodríguez-Fernández J. “Biofuels derived from Turkish industry wastes- study of performance and emissions in a diesel engine”, Environ. Prog. Sustainable Energy, 35(3): 847-852, (2016).
[8] Aydın S., Sayın C., Altun Ş., Aydın H. “Effects of thermal barrier coating on the performance and combustion characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with biodiesel produced from waste frying cottonseed oil and ultra-low sulfur diesel”, International Journal of Green Energy, 13(11): 1102-1108, (2016).
[9] Altun Ş. Lapuerta M. “Properties and emission indicators of biodiesel fuels obtained from waste oils from the Turkish industry”, Fuel, 128: 288-295, (2014).
[10] Varol Y., Öner C., Öztop H.F., Altun Ş. “Comparison of methanol, ethanol or n-butanol blending with unleaded gasoline on exhaust emissions of a SI engine”, Energy Sources Part A, 36(9): 938- 948, (2014).
[11] Hansen A.C., Lyne P.W., Zhang Q. “Ethanol-Diesel Blends: A step towards a bio- based fuel for diesel engines”, ASAE, 01 (2001) 6048.
[12] Lapuerta M., García-Contreras R., Campos-Fernandez J., Dorado M.P. “Stability, lubricity, viscosity, and cold-flow properties of alcohol-diesel blends”, Energy and Fuels, 24(8): 4497-4502, (2010).
[13] Sayın C., “Engine performance and exhaust gas emissions of methanol and ethanol-diesel blends”, Fuel, 89(11): 3410-3415, (2010).
[14] Lapuerta M., Armas O., Herreros J. M. “Emissions from a diesel–bioethanol blend in an automotive diesel engine”, Fuel, 87(1): 25-31, (2008).
[15] Avcı A., Dönmez S., “Biyoyakıt Olarak Bütanol ve Fermantasyonla Üretimi”, Elektronik Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi, 2: 1-12, (2011).
[16] Lapuerta M., Ramos Á., Barba J., Fernández-Rodríguez D. “Cold-and warm-temperature emissions assessment of n-butanol blends in a Euro 6 vehicle”, Applied Energy, 218: 173-183, (2018).
[17] Pugazhendhi A., et al., “Biobutanol as a promising liquid fuel for the future-recent updates and perspectives”, Fuel, 253: 637-646, (2019).
[18] Altun Ş., Öner C., Yasar F., Adin H. “Effect of n-butanol blending with a blend of diesel and biodiesel on performance and exhaust emissions of a diesel engine”, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 50(15): 9425-9430, (2011).
[19] Kattela S.P., Vysyaraju R.K.R., Surapaneni S.R., Ganji P.R. “Effect of n-butanol/diesel blends and piston bowl geometry on combustion and emission characteristics of CI engine”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(2): 1661-1674, (2019).
[20] Muthaiyan P., Gomathinayagam S. “Combustion characteristics of a diesel engine using propanol diesel fuel blends”, Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series C, 97(3): 323–329, (2016).
[21] Demirdelen S. “IBE fermantasyonundan butanol ve izopropanol saflaştırma prosesinin tasarımı ve kontrolü”, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, (2019).
[22] Wu H., Nithyanandan K., Zhang J., Lind Y., Lee T.H., Lee C.F., Zhang C. “Impacts of Acetone–Butanol–Ethanol (ABE) ratio on spray and combustion characteristics of ABE–diesel blends”, Applied Energy, 149: 367-378, (2015).
[23] Lee T., Lin Y., Meng X., Li Y. “Combustion characteristics of acetone, butanol, and ethanol (ABE) blended with diesel in a compression-ignition engine”, SAE Technical Paper, 2016-01-0884.
[24] Li Y., Chen Y., Wu G., Lee C.F., Liu J. “Experimental comparison of acetone-n-butanol-ethanol (ABE) and isopropanol-n-butanol-ethanol (IBE) as fuel candidate in spark-ignition engine”, Applied Thermal Engineering, 133: 179-187, (2018).
[25] Li G., Liu Z., Lee T.H., Lee C.F., Zhang C, “Effects of dilute gas on combustion and emission characteristics of a common-rail diesel engine fueled with isopropanol-butanol-ethanol and diesel blends”, Energy Conversion and Management, 165: 373–381, (2018).
[26] Hu J., Abubakar S., Li Y. “A novel reduced i-propanol-n-butanol-ethanol (IBE)/diesel mechanism for engine combustion and emissions prediction”, Fuel, 278: 118291, (2020).
[27] Li Y., Lou B., Abubakar S., Wu G. “Skeletal mechanism for i-propanol-n-butanol-ethanol (IBE) and n-butanol combustion in diesel engine”, Fuel, 302: 121136, (2021).
[28] İlçin K., Altun Ş. “Effect of biodiesel addition in a blend of isopropanol-butanol-ethanol and diesel on combustion and emissions of a CRDI engine”, Energy Sources Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 1-13, (2021).
[29] Li G., Lee T.H., Liu Z., Lee C.F., Zhang C. “Effects of injection strategies on combustion and emission characteristics of a common-rail diesel engine fueled with isopropanol-butanol-ethanol and diesel blends”, Renewable Energy, 130: 677-686, (2019).
[30] Lee T., Hansen A., Li G. and Lee T., “Effects of isopropanol-butanol-ethanol and diesel fuel blends on combustion characteristics in a constant volume chamber”, Fuel, 254: 115613, (2019).
[31] İlçin K. “İzopropanol-bütanol-etanol (IBE)'ün dizel ve biyodizel yakıtları ile karışımlarının bir dizel motorunda yanma ve emisyon karakteristiklerine etkisi”, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Batman Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, (2020).
[32] Nour M., Attia A.M., Nada S.A. “Combustion, performance and emission analysis of diesel engine fuelled by higher alcohols (butanol, octanol and heptanol)/diesel blends”, Energy Conversion and Management, 185: 313-329, (2019).
[33] Okcu M., Varol Y., Altun Ş., Fırat M. “Effects of isopropanol-butanol-ethanol (IBE) on combustion characteristics of a RCCI engine fueled by biodiesel fuel”, Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 47: 101443, (2021).
[34] Duan X., Xu Z., Sun X., Deng B., Liu J., “Effects of injection timing and EGR on combustion and emissions characteristics of the diesel engine fuelled with acetone–butanol–ethanol/diesel blend fuels”, Energy, 231: 121069, (2021).
[35] Aydın S., “Detailed evaluation of combustion, performance and emissions of ethyl proxitol and methyl proxitol-safflower biodiesel blends in a power generator diesel engine”, Fuel, 270: 117492, (2020).
[36] Atmanlı A., Yılmaz N. “An experimental assessment on semi-low temperature combustion using waste oil biodiesel/C3-C5 alcohol blends in a diesel engine”, Fuel, 260: 116357, (2020).
[37] Huang J., Wang Y., Li S., Roskilly A.P., Yu H., Li H., “Experimental investigation on the performance and emissions of a diesel engine fuelled with ethanol–diesel blends”, Applied Thermal Engineering, 29(11-12): 2484-2490, (2009).
[38] Abubakar S., Hu J., Li Y.,Narayyan S., “Water-containing i-propanol-n-butanol-ethanol (IBE) as a next-generation biofuel of n-butanol for diesel engine”, Indian Journal of Engineering and Materials Sciences, 28(3): 223-233, (2021).
[39] Seven İ., Altun Ş., “Dizel motorlu bir jeneratörün egzoz emisyonları üzerinde biyoetanol, n-butanol ve biyodizelin etkisi”, DÜMF Mühendislik Dergisi, 9(1): 235-244, (2018).
[40] Sayın C., Çanakçı M., “Effects of injection timing on the engine performance and exhaust emissions of a dual-fuel diesel engine”, Energy Conversion and Management, 50: 203-213, (2009).

Toplam 40 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	İngilizce
Konular	Mühendislik
Bölüm	Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar	Kudbettin İlçin 0000-0001-9568-5126 Müjdat Fırat 0000-0001-6978-9044 Şehmus Altun 0000-0002-9017-2986 Mutlu Okcu 0000-0002-8226-0994
Proje Numarası	118M650
Yayımlanma Tarihi	1 Aralık 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi	25 Kasım 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2023 Cilt: 26 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA	İlçin, K., Fırat, M., Altun, Ş., Okcu, M. (2023). Effect of Blending Ratio and Injection Timing on Combustion and Emissions of a Common-Rail Diesel Engine Fueled by Iso-Propanol-Butanol-Ethanol (IBE) and Conventional Diesel. Politeknik Dergisi, 26(4), 1327-1339. https://doi.org/10.2339/politeknik.1027649
AMA	İlçin K, Fırat M, Altun Ş, Okcu M. Effect of Blending Ratio and Injection Timing on Combustion and Emissions of a Common-Rail Diesel Engine Fueled by Iso-Propanol-Butanol-Ethanol (IBE) and Conventional Diesel. Politeknik Dergisi. Aralık 2023;26(4):1327-1339. doi:10.2339/politeknik.1027649
Chicago	İlçin, Kudbettin, Müjdat Fırat, Şehmus Altun, ve Mutlu Okcu. “Effect of Blending Ratio and Injection Timing on Combustion and Emissions of a Common-Rail Diesel Engine Fueled by Iso-Propanol-Butanol-Ethanol (IBE) and Conventional Diesel”. Politeknik Dergisi 26, sy. 4 (Aralık 2023): 1327-39. https://doi.org/10.2339/politeknik.1027649.
EndNote	İlçin K, Fırat M, Altun Ş, Okcu M (01 Aralık 2023) Effect of Blending Ratio and Injection Timing on Combustion and Emissions of a Common-Rail Diesel Engine Fueled by Iso-Propanol-Butanol-Ethanol (IBE) and Conventional Diesel. Politeknik Dergisi 26 4 1327–1339.
IEEE	K. İlçin, M. Fırat, Ş. Altun, ve M. Okcu, “Effect of Blending Ratio and Injection Timing on Combustion and Emissions of a Common-Rail Diesel Engine Fueled by Iso-Propanol-Butanol-Ethanol (IBE) and Conventional Diesel”, Politeknik Dergisi, c. 26, sy. 4, ss. 1327–1339, 2023, doi: 10.2339/politeknik.1027649.
ISNAD	İlçin, Kudbettin vd. “Effect of Blending Ratio and Injection Timing on Combustion and Emissions of a Common-Rail Diesel Engine Fueled by Iso-Propanol-Butanol-Ethanol (IBE) and Conventional Diesel”. Politeknik Dergisi 26/4 (Aralık 2023), 1327-1339. https://doi.org/10.2339/politeknik.1027649.
JAMA	İlçin K, Fırat M, Altun Ş, Okcu M. Effect of Blending Ratio and Injection Timing on Combustion and Emissions of a Common-Rail Diesel Engine Fueled by Iso-Propanol-Butanol-Ethanol (IBE) and Conventional Diesel. Politeknik Dergisi. 2023;26:1327–1339.
MLA	İlçin, Kudbettin vd. “Effect of Blending Ratio and Injection Timing on Combustion and Emissions of a Common-Rail Diesel Engine Fueled by Iso-Propanol-Butanol-Ethanol (IBE) and Conventional Diesel”. Politeknik Dergisi, c. 26, sy. 4, 2023, ss. 1327-39, doi:10.2339/politeknik.1027649.
Vancouver	İlçin K, Fırat M, Altun Ş, Okcu M. Effect of Blending Ratio and Injection Timing on Combustion and Emissions of a Common-Rail Diesel Engine Fueled by Iso-Propanol-Butanol-Ethanol (IBE) and Conventional Diesel. Politeknik Dergisi. 2023;26(4):1327-39.