Araştırma Makalesi
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GÖZ İZLEME TEKNİĞİ İLE RESİM-İŞ EĞİTİMİ ALANINDA GÖRSEL İÇERİKLERDEN ÖRTÜK BİLGİLERİN ORTAYA ÇIKARILMASI

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 40, 309 - 338, 29.04.2022
https://doi.org/10.14520/adyusbd.1061955

Öz

Gözün odaklanma, sıçrama ve gözbebeği büyüklüğü kriterlerini analiz ederek bireylerin baktığı nokta hakkındaki bilişsel durumlarını elde etmek mümkündür. Bu çalışmada, resim alanında eğitim almış bireyler ile eğitim almamış kişilerin resimleri inceleme süreçleri analiz edilmiştir. Araştırmanın amacı doğrultusunda eğitimli ve eğitimsiz 112 katılımcının göz hareketleri kaydedilmiş ve analiz edilmiştir. Katılımcılar arasındaki farkları belirlemek için odaklanma sayısı, sıçrama sayısı, odaklanma süresi, göz bebeği büyüklüğü ve sıçramaların genlikleri analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda eğitimli ve eğitimsiz gruplar arasında odaklanma sayısında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark yokken, sıçrama sayısında farklılık tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca grupların ilk odaklanma süresinde fark bulunmazken, ortalama odaklanma ve toplam odaklanma süresinde anlamlı farklılık belirlenmiştir. Diğer yandan göz bebeği büyüklüğü açısından gruplar arasında anlamlı fark ortaya çıkmamıştır. Yine sıçramaların ortalama ve toplam genliği bağlamında gruplar arasındaki istatistiksel bir fark çıkmamıştır. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre, eğitimli ve eğitimsiz grupların göz takip metriklerinden sıçrama sayısı, ortalama odaklanma süresi ve toplam odaklanma süresi ile ayırt edilebildiği gözlemlenmiştir.

Destekleyen Kurum

İstanbul Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Yürütücü Sekreterliği

Proje Numarası

FDK-2020-36722

Kaynakça

  • Balcı, A., (2005). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma. Pegem Akademik Yayıncılık, Ankara.
  • Bednarik, R., (2012). Expertise-dependent visual attention strategies develop over time during debugging with multiple code representations. International Journal Of Human-Computer Studies, 70(2), 143-155.
  • Brunyé, T. T., Nallamothu, B. K., & Elmore, J. G. (2019). Eye-tracking for assessing medical image interpretation: A pilot feasibility study comparing novice vs expert cardiologists. Perspectives on Medical Education, 8(2), 65-73.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., (2020). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı: istatistik, araştırma deseni, SPSS uygulamaları ve yorum. Pegem Yayıncılık, Ankara.
  • Crowley, R. S., Naus, G. J., Stewart III, J., & Friedman, C. P. (2003). Development of visual diagnostic expertise in pathology: an information-processing study. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 10(1), 39-51.
  • Çağıltay, K., (2011). İnsan bilgisayar etkileşimi ve kullanılabilirlik mühendisliği: teoriden pratiğe. ODTÜ Geliştirme Vakfı Yayıncılık, Ankara.
  • Dogusoy-Taylan, B., and Cagiltay, K., (2014). Cognitive analysis of experts’ and novices’ concept mapping processes: An eye tracking study. Computers in human behavior, 36, 82-93.
  • Dong, W., Zheng, L., Liu, B., and Meng, L., (2018). Using eye tracking to explore differences in map-based spatial ability between geographers and non-geographers. ISPRS International Journal Of Geo-Information,7(9), 337.
  • Duchowski, A. T., (2003). Visual Psychophysics. In eye tracking methodology: theory and practice (pp. 31-42). Springer, London.
  • Durugbo, C. M., (2021). Eye tracking for work-related visual search: a cognitive task analysis. Ergonomics, 64(2), 225-240.
  • Dzeng, R. J., Lin, C. T., and Fang, Y. C., (2016). Using eye-tracker to compare search patterns between experienced and novice workers for site hazard identification. Safety Science, 82, 56-67.
  • Erdoğan, İ., (2007). Pozitivist metodoloji: Bilimsel araştırma tasarımı istatistiksel yöntemler analiz ve yorum. Erk Yayınları. Ankara, ISBN 978-9944-0009-0-1
  • Fitts, P. M., Jones, R. E., Milton, J. L. (1950). Eye movements of aircraft pilots during instrument-landing approaches. Aeronautical Engineering Review, 9(2), 24–29.
  • Galpin, A. J., and Underwood, G., (2005). Eye movements during search and detection in comparative visual search. Perception & psychophysics, 67(8), 1313-1331.
  • Ganczarek, J., Pietras, K., and Rosiek, R., (2020). Perceived cognitive challenge predicts eye movements while viewing contemporary paintings. PsyCh journal, 9(4), 490-506.
  • Gegenfurtner, A., Lehtinen, E., & Säljö, R. (2011). Expertise differences in the comprehension of visualizations: A meta-analysis of eye-tracking research in professional domains. Educational Psychology Review, 23(4), 523-552.
  • Goldberg, J. H., and Kotval, X. P., (1999). Computer interface evaluation using eye movements: methods and constructs. International journal of industrial ergonomics, 24(6), 631-645.
  • Ishiguro, C., Yokosawa, K., and Okada, T., (2016). Eye movements during art appreciation by students taking a photo creation course. Frontiers in psychology, 7, 1074.
  • Jarodzka, H., Scheiter, K., Gerjets, P., and Van Gog, T., (2010). In the eyes of the beholder: How experts and novices interpret dynamic stimuli. Learning and Instruction, 20(2), 146-154.
  • Just, M., and Carpenter, P., (1976). Eye fixations and cognitive processes. Cognitive psychology.
  • Keskin, M., Ooms, K., Dogru, A. O., and De Maeyer, P., (2020). Exploring the cognitive load of expert and novice map users using eeg and eye tracking. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 9(7), 429.
  • Kiliç, S. (2013). Sampling methods. Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 3(1), 44.
  • Koh, R. Y., Park, T., Wickens, C. D., Ong, L. T., & Chia, S. N. (2011). Differences in attentional strategies by novice and experienced operating theatre scrub nurses. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 17(3), 233.
  • Koide, N., Kubo, T., Shibata, T., and Ikeda, K., (2013). Visual fixation patterns of artists and novices in abstract painting observations. In 2013 Asia-Pacific signal and information processing association annual summit and conference (pp. 1-4). IEEE.
  • Krupinski, E. A., Graham, A. R., & Weinstein, R. S. (2013). Characterizing the development of visual search expertise in pathology residents viewing whole slide images. Human Pathology, 44(3), 357-364.
  • Lindner, M. A., Eitel, A., Thoma, G. B., Dalehefte, I. M., Ihme, J. M., and Köller, O., (2014). Tracking the decision‐making process in multiple‐choice assessment: Evidence from eye movements. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 28(5), 738-752.
  • Liversedge, S. P., and Findlay, J. M., (2000). Saccadic eye movements and cognition. Trends in cognitive sciences, 4(1), 6-14.
  • Mele, M. L., and Federici, S., (2012). Gaze and eye-tracking solutions for psychological research. Cognitive processing, 13(1), 261-265.
  • Rayner, K., (1998). Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research. Psychological bulletin, 124(3), 372.
  • Reingold, E. M., & Sheridan, H. (2011). Eye movements and visual expertise in chess and medicine. In S. P. Liversedge, I. D. Gilchrist, & S. Everling (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of eye movements (pp. 523–550). Oxford University Press.
  • Rosch, J.L., and Vogel-Walcutt, J.J., (2013). A review of eye-tracking applications as tools for training. Cognition, technology & work, 15(3), 313-327.
  • Russell, M., (2005). Using eye-tracking data to understand first impressions of a website. Usability news, 7(1), 1-14.
  • Sipahi, B., Yurtkoru, E. S. ve Çinko, M., (2006). Sosyal bilimlerde SPSS’le veri analizi, Beta Yayınevi, İstanbul
  • Stofer, K., & Che, X. (2014). Comparing Experts and Novices on Scaffolded Data Visualizations using Eye-tracking. Journal of Eye Movement Research, 7(5). https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.7.5.2
  • Thomas, L. E., & Lleras, A. (2009). “Covert shifts of attention function as an implicit aid to insight.” Cognition, 111(2), 168-174.
  • Tien, T., Pucher, P. H., Sodergren, M. H., Sriskandarajah, K., Yang, G. Z., & Darzi, A. (2014). “Eye tracking for skills assessment and training: a systematic review.” Journal of surgical research, 191(1), 169-178.
  • Vogt, S., and Magnussen, S., (2007). “Expertise in pictorial perception: eye-movement patterns and visual memory in artists and laymen.” Perception, 36(1), 91-100.
  • Wang, F.X., Shen, J.L., Tian, H.J., Zhou, Z.K., (2010). “The difference between expert and novice teachers in perceiving static classroom teaching scenes: An eye tracking study.” Psychological Development and Education, 26 (6), pp. 612-617
  • Witkowski, M., Tomczak, E., Bojkowski, Ł., Borysiuk, Z., and Tomczak, M., (2021). “Do expert fencers engage the same visual perception strategies as beginners?.” Journal of human kinetics, 78. 78/2021, 49-58
  • Wolff, C. E., Jarodzka, H., van den Bogert, N., and Boshuizen, H. P., (2016). Teacher vision: Eexpert and novice teachers’ perception of problematic classroom management scenes. Instructional science, 44(3), 243-265.
  • Yıldırım, A., ve Şimşek, H., (2013). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri. Seçkin yayıncılık. ISBN: 9789750226038

REVEAL OF IMPLICIT KNOWLEDGE FROM VISUAL CONTENTS IN THE FIELD OF ART-WORK EDUCATION WITH EYE TRACKING TECHNIQUE

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 40, 309 - 338, 29.04.2022
https://doi.org/10.14520/adyusbd.1061955

Öz

By analyzing the eye's fixations, saccade and pupil size criteria, it is possible to obtain the cognitive status of individuals about the point they are looking at. In this study, the processes of examining the paintings of individuals who have received education in the field of painting and those who have not been trained have been analyzed. For the purpose of the research, eye movements of 112 trained and untrained participants were recorded and analyzed. The number of fixations, number of saccades, fixation time, pupil size and amplitudes of the saccades were analyzed to determine the differences between the participants. As a result of the research, while there was no statistically significant difference in the number of fixations between the educated and uneducated groups, a difference was found in the number of saccades. In addition, while there was no difference in the initial fixation time of the groups, a significant difference was determined in the average fixation and total fixation time. On the other hand, there was no significant difference between the groups in terms of pupil size. Again, there was no statistical difference between the groups in terms of the mean and total amplitude of the saccades. According to the results of the research, it was observed that the educated and untrained groups could be distinguished from eye tracking metrics by the number of saccades, average fixation time and total fixation time.

Proje Numarası

FDK-2020-36722

Kaynakça

  • Balcı, A., (2005). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma. Pegem Akademik Yayıncılık, Ankara.
  • Bednarik, R., (2012). Expertise-dependent visual attention strategies develop over time during debugging with multiple code representations. International Journal Of Human-Computer Studies, 70(2), 143-155.
  • Brunyé, T. T., Nallamothu, B. K., & Elmore, J. G. (2019). Eye-tracking for assessing medical image interpretation: A pilot feasibility study comparing novice vs expert cardiologists. Perspectives on Medical Education, 8(2), 65-73.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., (2020). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı: istatistik, araştırma deseni, SPSS uygulamaları ve yorum. Pegem Yayıncılık, Ankara.
  • Crowley, R. S., Naus, G. J., Stewart III, J., & Friedman, C. P. (2003). Development of visual diagnostic expertise in pathology: an information-processing study. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 10(1), 39-51.
  • Çağıltay, K., (2011). İnsan bilgisayar etkileşimi ve kullanılabilirlik mühendisliği: teoriden pratiğe. ODTÜ Geliştirme Vakfı Yayıncılık, Ankara.
  • Dogusoy-Taylan, B., and Cagiltay, K., (2014). Cognitive analysis of experts’ and novices’ concept mapping processes: An eye tracking study. Computers in human behavior, 36, 82-93.
  • Dong, W., Zheng, L., Liu, B., and Meng, L., (2018). Using eye tracking to explore differences in map-based spatial ability between geographers and non-geographers. ISPRS International Journal Of Geo-Information,7(9), 337.
  • Duchowski, A. T., (2003). Visual Psychophysics. In eye tracking methodology: theory and practice (pp. 31-42). Springer, London.
  • Durugbo, C. M., (2021). Eye tracking for work-related visual search: a cognitive task analysis. Ergonomics, 64(2), 225-240.
  • Dzeng, R. J., Lin, C. T., and Fang, Y. C., (2016). Using eye-tracker to compare search patterns between experienced and novice workers for site hazard identification. Safety Science, 82, 56-67.
  • Erdoğan, İ., (2007). Pozitivist metodoloji: Bilimsel araştırma tasarımı istatistiksel yöntemler analiz ve yorum. Erk Yayınları. Ankara, ISBN 978-9944-0009-0-1
  • Fitts, P. M., Jones, R. E., Milton, J. L. (1950). Eye movements of aircraft pilots during instrument-landing approaches. Aeronautical Engineering Review, 9(2), 24–29.
  • Galpin, A. J., and Underwood, G., (2005). Eye movements during search and detection in comparative visual search. Perception & psychophysics, 67(8), 1313-1331.
  • Ganczarek, J., Pietras, K., and Rosiek, R., (2020). Perceived cognitive challenge predicts eye movements while viewing contemporary paintings. PsyCh journal, 9(4), 490-506.
  • Gegenfurtner, A., Lehtinen, E., & Säljö, R. (2011). Expertise differences in the comprehension of visualizations: A meta-analysis of eye-tracking research in professional domains. Educational Psychology Review, 23(4), 523-552.
  • Goldberg, J. H., and Kotval, X. P., (1999). Computer interface evaluation using eye movements: methods and constructs. International journal of industrial ergonomics, 24(6), 631-645.
  • Ishiguro, C., Yokosawa, K., and Okada, T., (2016). Eye movements during art appreciation by students taking a photo creation course. Frontiers in psychology, 7, 1074.
  • Jarodzka, H., Scheiter, K., Gerjets, P., and Van Gog, T., (2010). In the eyes of the beholder: How experts and novices interpret dynamic stimuli. Learning and Instruction, 20(2), 146-154.
  • Just, M., and Carpenter, P., (1976). Eye fixations and cognitive processes. Cognitive psychology.
  • Keskin, M., Ooms, K., Dogru, A. O., and De Maeyer, P., (2020). Exploring the cognitive load of expert and novice map users using eeg and eye tracking. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 9(7), 429.
  • Kiliç, S. (2013). Sampling methods. Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 3(1), 44.
  • Koh, R. Y., Park, T., Wickens, C. D., Ong, L. T., & Chia, S. N. (2011). Differences in attentional strategies by novice and experienced operating theatre scrub nurses. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 17(3), 233.
  • Koide, N., Kubo, T., Shibata, T., and Ikeda, K., (2013). Visual fixation patterns of artists and novices in abstract painting observations. In 2013 Asia-Pacific signal and information processing association annual summit and conference (pp. 1-4). IEEE.
  • Krupinski, E. A., Graham, A. R., & Weinstein, R. S. (2013). Characterizing the development of visual search expertise in pathology residents viewing whole slide images. Human Pathology, 44(3), 357-364.
  • Lindner, M. A., Eitel, A., Thoma, G. B., Dalehefte, I. M., Ihme, J. M., and Köller, O., (2014). Tracking the decision‐making process in multiple‐choice assessment: Evidence from eye movements. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 28(5), 738-752.
  • Liversedge, S. P., and Findlay, J. M., (2000). Saccadic eye movements and cognition. Trends in cognitive sciences, 4(1), 6-14.
  • Mele, M. L., and Federici, S., (2012). Gaze and eye-tracking solutions for psychological research. Cognitive processing, 13(1), 261-265.
  • Rayner, K., (1998). Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research. Psychological bulletin, 124(3), 372.
  • Reingold, E. M., & Sheridan, H. (2011). Eye movements and visual expertise in chess and medicine. In S. P. Liversedge, I. D. Gilchrist, & S. Everling (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of eye movements (pp. 523–550). Oxford University Press.
  • Rosch, J.L., and Vogel-Walcutt, J.J., (2013). A review of eye-tracking applications as tools for training. Cognition, technology & work, 15(3), 313-327.
  • Russell, M., (2005). Using eye-tracking data to understand first impressions of a website. Usability news, 7(1), 1-14.
  • Sipahi, B., Yurtkoru, E. S. ve Çinko, M., (2006). Sosyal bilimlerde SPSS’le veri analizi, Beta Yayınevi, İstanbul
  • Stofer, K., & Che, X. (2014). Comparing Experts and Novices on Scaffolded Data Visualizations using Eye-tracking. Journal of Eye Movement Research, 7(5). https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.7.5.2
  • Thomas, L. E., & Lleras, A. (2009). “Covert shifts of attention function as an implicit aid to insight.” Cognition, 111(2), 168-174.
  • Tien, T., Pucher, P. H., Sodergren, M. H., Sriskandarajah, K., Yang, G. Z., & Darzi, A. (2014). “Eye tracking for skills assessment and training: a systematic review.” Journal of surgical research, 191(1), 169-178.
  • Vogt, S., and Magnussen, S., (2007). “Expertise in pictorial perception: eye-movement patterns and visual memory in artists and laymen.” Perception, 36(1), 91-100.
  • Wang, F.X., Shen, J.L., Tian, H.J., Zhou, Z.K., (2010). “The difference between expert and novice teachers in perceiving static classroom teaching scenes: An eye tracking study.” Psychological Development and Education, 26 (6), pp. 612-617
  • Witkowski, M., Tomczak, E., Bojkowski, Ł., Borysiuk, Z., and Tomczak, M., (2021). “Do expert fencers engage the same visual perception strategies as beginners?.” Journal of human kinetics, 78. 78/2021, 49-58
  • Wolff, C. E., Jarodzka, H., van den Bogert, N., and Boshuizen, H. P., (2016). Teacher vision: Eexpert and novice teachers’ perception of problematic classroom management scenes. Instructional science, 44(3), 243-265.
  • Yıldırım, A., ve Şimşek, H., (2013). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri. Seçkin yayıncılık. ISBN: 9789750226038
Toplam 41 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Adem Korkmaz 0000-0002-7530-7715

Sevinç Gülseçen 0000-0001-8537-7111

Proje Numarası FDK-2020-36722
Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Nisan 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Sayı: 40

Kaynak Göster

APA Korkmaz, A., & Gülseçen, S. (2022). GÖZ İZLEME TEKNİĞİ İLE RESİM-İŞ EĞİTİMİ ALANINDA GÖRSEL İÇERİKLERDEN ÖRTÜK BİLGİLERİN ORTAYA ÇIKARILMASI. Adıyaman Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi(40), 309-338. https://doi.org/10.14520/adyusbd.1061955