Research Article
Year 2021,
, 192 - 203, 31.08.2021
Abstract
References
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- M. R. Palattella, N. Accettura, X. Vilajosana, T. Watteyne, L. A. Grieco, G. Boggia, & M. Dohler. Standardized protocol stack for the internet of (important) things. IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials, 15(3):1389–1406, 2013.
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- M. Lin, H.-S. Kim, and S. Bahk, “Transmission power control for large scale industrial applications in low power and lossy networks,” 2015 International Conference on Information and Communication Technology Convergence (ICTC), pp. 380–382, 2015.
- S. Hoghooghi and R. Javidan, “Proposing a new method for improving RPL to support mobility in the Internet of things,” IET netw., vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 48–55, 2020.
- A. Barbato, M. Barrano, A. Capone, and N. Figiani, “Resource oriented and energy efficient routing protocol for IPv6 wireless sensor networks,” 2013 IEEE Online Conference on Green Communications (OnlineGreenComm), pp. 163–168, 2013.
- M. Zhao, I. W.-H. Ho, and P. H. J. Chong, “An energy-efficient region-based RPL routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks,” IEEE Internet Things J., vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 1319–1333, 2016.
- O. Gaddour, A. Koubâa, and M. Abid, “Quality-of-service aware routing for static and mobile IPv6-based low-power and lossy sensor networks using RPL,” Ad Hoc Netw., vol. 33, pp. 233–256, 2015.
- C. Lim, “A survey on congestion control for RPL-based wireless sensor networks,” Sensors (Basel), vol. 19, no. 11, p. 2567, 2019.
- A. J. H. Witwit and A. K. Idrees, “A comprehensive review for RPL routing protocol in low power and lossy networks,” Communications in Computer and Information Science, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 50–66, 2018.
- Levis, P., Clausen, T., Hui, J., Gnawali, O., & Ko, J. The trickle algorithm (rfc 6206). Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), 1-13, 2011.
- H. Lamaazi and N. Benamar, “A comprehensive survey on enhancements and limitations of the RPL protocol: A focus on the objective function,” Ad Hoc Netw., vol. 96, no. 102001, p. 102001, 2020.
- S. Bayhan and F. Alagoz, “Scheduling in centralized cognitive radio networks for energy efficiency,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 62, no. 2, pp. 582–595, 2013.
Experimental Analysis of Energy Efficient and QoS Aware Objective Functions for RPL Algorithm in IoT Networks
Abstract
The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to smart devices with limited resources that connect to the Internet and transmit data. Routing is an important process in this structure, which can be described as the general frame of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) is recommended by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) to provide communication in resource-constrained networks and is designed for routing in IoT. Basically, it is the Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) protocol developed based on the energy consumed by devices. The algorithm has an important place in the performance of the IoT network. In this paper, the performance of the RPL under different objective functions (OFs) is examined. OFs are symbolized and defined by detailed equations. This study provides an experimental analysis of the RPL algorithm. An overview of the RPL algorithm is also included. Finally, the RPL algorithm is simulated by a custom simulator which is performing on the application layer, created using the Python programming language. The algorithm’s behaviour in terms of different OFs such as throughput maximization, energy efficiency maximization and energy consumption minimization was observed and the results were evaluated under different parameters such as packet size, number of nodes and different signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) values. Our experimental results may be useful for both researchers and practitioners working in related fields.
References
- I. M. Shehabat and N. Al-Hussein, “Deploying internet of things in healthcare: Benefits, requirements, challenges and applications,” J. Commun., pp. 574–580, 2018.
- M. R. Palattella, N. Accettura, X. Vilajosana, T. Watteyne, L. A. Grieco, G. Boggia, & M. Dohler. Standardized protocol stack for the internet of (important) things. IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials, 15(3):1389–1406, 2013.
- N. Benamar, A. Jara, L. Ladid, and D. E. Ouadghiri, “Challenges of the internet of things: IPv6 and network management,” 2014 Eighth International Conference on Innovative Mobile and Internet Services in Ubiquitous Computing, pp. 328–333, 2014.
- E. Borgia, “The Internet of Things vision: Key features, applications and open issues,” Comput. Commun., vol. 54, pp. 1–31, 2014.
- J. Yick, B. Mukherjee, and D. Ghosal, “Wireless sensor network survey,” Comput. netw., vol. 52, no. 12, pp. 2292–2330, 2008.
- L. Atzori, A. Iera, and G. Morabito. Th e internet of things: A survey. Computer Networks, 54(15):2787 – 2805, 2010.
- Y. Shin and S. Seol, “Improvement of power consumption in RPL-based networks for mobility environment,” 2020 International Conference on Electronics, Information, and Communication (ICEIC), pp. 1–3, 2020.
- F. Arat and S. Demirci, “Energy and QoS aware analysis and classification of routing protocols for IoT and WSN,” 2020 7th International Conference on Electrical and Electronics Engineering (ICEEE), pp. 221–225, 2020.
- T. Winter, et al. ,RPL: IPv6 routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks, RFC 6550 (2012) 1–157, 2012.
- M. A. Mahmud, A. Abdelgawad, and K. Yelamarthi, “Improved RPL for IoT Applications,” 2018 IEEE 61st International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems (MWSCAS), pp. 988–991,2018.
- S. A. Alvi, G. A. Shah, and W. Mahmood, “Energy efficient green routing protocol for Internet of Multimedia Things,” 2015 IEEE Tenth International Conference on Intelligent Sensors, Sensor Networks and Information Processing (ISSNIP), pp. 1–6, 2015.
- L.-H. Chang, T.-H. Lee, S.-J. Chen, and C.-Y. Liao, “Energy-efficient oriented routing algorithm in wireless sensor networks,” 2013 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, pp. 3813–3818, 2013.
- O. Iova, F. Theoleyre, and T. Noel, “Using multiparent routing in RPL to increase the stability and the lifetime of the network,” Ad Hoc Netw., vol. 29, pp. 45–62, 2015.
- F. Boubekeur, L. Blin, R. Leone, and P. Medagliani, “Bounding Degrees on RPL,” Proceedings of the 11th ACM Symposium on QoS and Security for Wireless and Mobile Networks, 2015.
- H. Pereira, G. L. Moritz, R. D. Souza, A. Munaretto, and M. Fonseca, “Increased network lifetime and load balancing based on network interface average power metric for RPL,” IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 48686–48696, 2020.
- H.-S. Kim, H. Kim, J. Paek, and S. Bahk, “Load balancing under heavy traffic in RPL routing protocol for low power and lossy networks,” IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput., vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 964–979, 2017.
- M. Lin, H.-S. Kim, and S. Bahk, “Transmission power control for large scale industrial applications in low power and lossy networks,” 2015 International Conference on Information and Communication Technology Convergence (ICTC), pp. 380–382, 2015.
- S. Hoghooghi and R. Javidan, “Proposing a new method for improving RPL to support mobility in the Internet of things,” IET netw., vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 48–55, 2020.
- A. Barbato, M. Barrano, A. Capone, and N. Figiani, “Resource oriented and energy efficient routing protocol for IPv6 wireless sensor networks,” 2013 IEEE Online Conference on Green Communications (OnlineGreenComm), pp. 163–168, 2013.
- M. Zhao, I. W.-H. Ho, and P. H. J. Chong, “An energy-efficient region-based RPL routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks,” IEEE Internet Things J., vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 1319–1333, 2016.
- O. Gaddour, A. Koubâa, and M. Abid, “Quality-of-service aware routing for static and mobile IPv6-based low-power and lossy sensor networks using RPL,” Ad Hoc Netw., vol. 33, pp. 233–256, 2015.
- C. Lim, “A survey on congestion control for RPL-based wireless sensor networks,” Sensors (Basel), vol. 19, no. 11, p. 2567, 2019.
- A. J. H. Witwit and A. K. Idrees, “A comprehensive review for RPL routing protocol in low power and lossy networks,” Communications in Computer and Information Science, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 50–66, 2018.
- Levis, P., Clausen, T., Hui, J., Gnawali, O., & Ko, J. The trickle algorithm (rfc 6206). Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), 1-13, 2011.
- H. Lamaazi and N. Benamar, “A comprehensive survey on enhancements and limitations of the RPL protocol: A focus on the objective function,” Ad Hoc Netw., vol. 96, no. 102001, p. 102001, 2020.
- S. Bayhan and F. Alagoz, “Scheduling in centralized cognitive radio networks for energy efficiency,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 62, no. 2, pp. 582–595, 2013.
There are 26 citations in total.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Computer Software |
| Journal Section | Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | August 31, 2021 |
| Submission Date | February 5, 2021 |
| Acceptance Date | June 11, 2021 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2021 |
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